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Epiglotto-pharyngeal consonant : ウィキペディア英語版
Pharyngeal consonant

A pharyngeal consonant is a consonant that is articulated primarily in the pharynx. Some phoneticians distinguish upper pharyngeal consonants, or "high" pharyngeals, pronounced by retracting the root of the tongue in the mid to upper pharynx, from (ary)epiglottal consonants, or "low" pharyngeals, which are articulated with the aryepiglottic folds against the epiglottis in the lower larynx, and even epiglotto-pharyngeal consonants consisting of both those movements combined. Stops and trills can only be reliably produced at the epiglottis, while fricatives can only be reliably produced in the upper pharynx. When these are treated as distinct places of articulation, the term radical consonant may be used as a cover term, or people may speak of guttural consonants instead.
In many languages, pharyngeal consonants trigger retraction of neighboring vowels, but in others they do not. Pharyngeals thereby differ from uvulars, which nearly always trigger retraction. For example, in Arabic, the vowel is fronted to () next to pharyngeals, but retracted to next to uvulars, as in حال 'condition' with a pharyngeal fricative and a fronted vowel, vs. خال 'maternal uncle' with a uvular consonant and a retracted vowel.
In addition to these consonantal sounds, consonants and vowels may be secondarily pharyngealized, and strident vowels are defined by an accompanying epiglottal trill.
==Pharyngeal consonants in the IPA==
Pharyngeal/epiglottal consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA):
:
*
A voiced epiglottal stop may not be possible. When an epiglottal stop becomes voiced intervocalically in Dahalo, for example, it becomes a tap. Phonetically, however, voiceless vs voiced affricates or off-glides are attested: (Esling 2010: 695).
:
*
*
Although traditionally placed in the fricative row of the IPA chart, is usually an approximant. Frication is difficult to produce or to distinguish because the voicing in the glottis and the constriction in the pharynx are so close to each other (Esling 2010: 695, after Laufer 1996). The IPA symbol is ambiguous, but no language distinguishes fricative and approximant at this place of articulation. For clarity, the lowering diacritic may used to specify that the manner is approximant: , and a raising diacritic to specify that the manner is fricative: .
The Hydaburg dialect of Haida has a trilled epiglottal and a trilled epiglottal affricate . (There is some voicing in all Haida affricates, but it's analyzed as an effect of the vowel.)

抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
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